TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCES: A NEW CHALLENGE TO SOVEREIGNS
Keywords:
transboundary, hovering & HydropoliticAbstract
Recent Debates around the world is hovering around the problem of use and management oftransboundary resources in situation of dwindling domestic resources. International Waters is
central to this problem. It’s sharing and utilization has created conflict and cooperation, both at
the same time. Regions which are water stressed are now taking the recourse of “Hydropolitics”.
This paper delves into some fundamental geographical realities concerning recent trends in
transboundary resource use and its management. Aspects of “Game Theory” is been appreciated
to solve the present crises of transboundary resource use by different countries.
References
The Janapadas (Sanskrit: जनपद ) were the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India and which came into existance by the 6th century BC, which is said to be divided into the sixteen classical Mahajanapadas. Further see : A Sanskrit Reader: with vocabulary and notes, Charles Rockwell Lanman, Gin & co 1912. ( See, NCERT, 12 TH ,
UN Documents: Gathering a body of Global Agreements. 29 Sessions, Agenda Item 48, Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly, 3281 (xxix), Charter of Economic Rights & Duties of States.
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PartiKarkerani Kurdistan), commonly known as PKK, also known as KGK and formerly known as KADEK (Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan) or KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan People's Congress), It is a Kurdish organization which has since 1984 been fighting an armed struggle against the Turkish state for an autonomous Kurdistan and cultural and political rights for the Kurds in Turkey. The group was founded on 27 November 1978 in the village of Fis, near Lice and was led by Abdullah Öcalan.The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of revolutionary socialism and Kurdish nationalism — although since his imprisonment, Öcalan has abandoned orthodox Marxism..The PKK is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including United Nations, NATO, the United States and the European Union.
The SoutheasternAnatolia Project (Turkish: GüneydoğuAnadoluProjesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people (2005) living in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey.
Abdullah Öcalan (born 4 April 1948) is one of the founding members of organization Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in 1978 in Turkey.Öcalan was arrested in 1999 by Turkish security forces in Nairobi and taken to Turkey, where he was sentenced to death under Article 125[8] of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed gangs.The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has
resulted in over 40,000 deaths, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish. From prison, Öcalan has published several books, the most recent in 2011.
Name of the Case: The Lotus Case (France vs Turkey); Year of the decision: 1927; and Court: PCIJ.Overview: A collision occurred on the high seas between a French vessel and a Turkish vessel. Victims were Turkish nationals and the alleged offender was French. The central question arose..Could Turkey exercise its jurisdiction over the French national under international law?
Joseph M. Grieco is Professor of Political Science at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. Within international relations theory he is a neorealist and is a key figure in the debate betweenneorealists and neoliberals.
John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 – September 23, 1902) was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, professor at Illinois State University, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers that included the first known passage through the Grand Canyon.
Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Available online at www.journal.edwin.co.in
Volume 3, Issue 4, March 2014
ISSN: - 2348-0459
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than an ecozone. All three of these are larger than an ecosystem. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions.
" PaniPanchayat" is a voluntary activity of a group of farmers engaged in the collective management of water for both harvesting and distribution equatibility, among themselves in order to improve their economic condition.' PaniPanchayat‘ is the name first given to a movement for motivating farmers of Naigaon Village of the drought-prone Purandhartaluka of Maharashtra State. In 1973, a social worker, Late Shri.VilasraoSalunkhe and his wife Smt. KalpanataiSalunkhe, motivated the people of the village to pool their efforts to harness their meagre water resources for common good and as a means to break social barriers and economic inequalities. Further see: Panipanchayat.Org. (
" Assurance game" is a generic name for the game more commonly known as "Stag Hunt." The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, presented the following situation. Two hunters can either jointly hunt a stag (an adult deer and rather large meal) or individually hunt a rabbit (tasty, but substantially less filling). Hunting stags is quite challenging and requires mutual cooperation. If either hunts a stag alone, the chance of success is minimal. Hunting stags is most beneficial for society but requires a lot of trust among its members.
The prisoner's dilemma is a canonical example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and gave it the name "prisoner's dilemma".
Game theory is a study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology. Jon Von Neumann was one of the pioneers in developing the theory.
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