A REVIEW ON PROCESSES OF OSMOSIS FOR DESALINATION TO MAKE WATER POTABLE

Authors

  • Dr. Amrita Khatri Professor in zoology, MJB Govt. P.G. College, Moti Tabela, Indore

Keywords:

Fresh water, salinity, Forward osmosis, Reverse osmosis

Abstract

:- Our life depends on availability of fresh water. Although water is present in large amount on earth, but 97% of the water is salted, with 35% average salinity which is much high for drinking, industry or agriculture. The fresh water distribution is also not proper on this planet, as most of it being in the form of ice, snow, and groundwater and soil moisture. Only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is present in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Approximately 80% of people around the world live within 60 miles of a coast, so using seawater is only understandable solution to the lack of fresh water. So getting fresh water to the right place and in the right quantities is critical for life on earth. . Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of 21st century. Seawater desalination is one way to deal with this need. Osmosis may be used directly to achieve separation of potable water from sea water containing unwanted solutes

This study aims to provide a review on some aspects of Forward Osmosis coupled with Reverse Osmosis of water desalination . 

References

•Alkhatib, A. (2014) Reverse-Osmosis Desalination of Water Powered by Photo-Voltaic Modules. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 3: (22-29).

•Carter, N. T. (2015) Desalination and Membrane Technologies: Federal Research and Adoption Issues, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy (1-18)

•Dyer, D. F. & Ragan J. S. (2012) Novel Reverse Osmosis desalination of sea water, Sustainable irrigation & drainage IV pp127- 140.

•Elimelech M. & Phillip W.A.(2011) the Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology and the Environment. Science, 333, no.6043 :( 712-717).

•Hydration Technologies, Albany OR. http://www.hydrationtech.com/high/hydration_products.html I

•McCutcheon, Jeffrey R., Robert L. McGinnis, and Elimelech M (2005) “A Novel Ammonia – Carbon Dioxide Forward (Direct) Osmosis Desalination Process,” Desalination, 174: (1-11).

•McGovern R. K, Lienhard J. H(2014) Journal of Membrane Science, 469: (245-250)

•Moody, C., and. Kessler J, (1971), An Initial Investigation into the Use of Direct Osmosis as a Means for Obtaining Agricultural Water from Brackish Water," University of Arizona, unpublished report.

•Muller, A. B.(1974), "Fresh Water for Arizona by Salt Replacement Desalination," Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona, 4: ( 127 -136).

•Murray, W. B. (1968) “Desalting Sea Water with Ammonia, Part 2: Osmosis,” Water & Sewage Works, (525-528)

•UCB Films - Osmotics Division, “Cellopore Osmotically Driven Self Rehydration System Water Drink (CP000370).” http://www.noloading.com/cv/infog/ucb.htm

•Wagner L (2007), Water Desalination – Tap into the Liquid Gold. Research report, Mora Associates, Dec 2007 , Nature Nanotechnology 2: ( 663 – 664) .

Downloads

Published

2015-11-30

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 12 (2015): NOVEMBER 2015

Section

Articles

License

Copyright Notice

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.

Copyrights for articles published in World Scholars journals are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.