CROPPING PATTERN OF KARNAL DURING COLONIAL RULE
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Abstract
The source of water under colonial rule were rainfall, wells and canals. It is evident that in launching the canal (and Railway) construction programme the government was motivated, primarily by two considerations (i) help India perform her special role as the supplier of agricultural produce and importer of industrial goods (ii) expand the revenue base. In other words, the government sought to extract both a real and financial surplus from India's agriculture. To study the cropping pattern of the district Karnal the approximate table of sowing and harvest time is prepared first. Agriculture work is generally done by oxen, male buffaloes are also put to work sometimes. They are frequently yoked in carts and sometimes used for plough. Small cattles are also put to work where the water is near the surface and soil is lighter i.e. in Khadir these cattle cost just Rs. 20 to Rs. 25 each. But the stiffer soil of Bangar plough the cattle cost Rs. 60 to Rs. 80 each.
References
-Primary sources
-Government Publications
-Annual Reports
-Reports on Season and Crops, Punjab, 1960-7-1945-6.
-Reports on the Administration of the Public Works Department, Irrigation Branch, Punjab 1887-8-1945-6.District Gazetters - Karnal, 1918 (Lahore 1919). Settlement Reports
-Report on Second Revised Settlement of The Ambala District 1915-20 (Lahore 1921) Secondary Source:
- Ali, Imran - Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947 (Princeton, 1988)
-Islam, M.Mufakharul - Irrigation Agriculture And the Raj Punjab 1887-1947.
- Saini, B.S. The Social and Economic History of Punjab (Delhi, 1979)
-Stone, Ian. Canal Irrigation in British India : Perspecoines on technological change in peasant society (Cambridge, 1984).
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