COLLECTION, HANDLING AND TESTING OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS FROM PERSONS WITH COVID-19.
Abstract
Corona viruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) thathave a higher case fatality rate. In December 2019, a cluster of patients with a novel coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China1. Initially tentatively named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), the virus has now been named SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)2. This virus can cause the disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the capability to spread rapidly, posed potential public health threat and leading to significant impacts on healthcare systems globally.The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to more than four million confirmed cases, with over 283,868 deaths globally, as of May10, 2020. In India, the first laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported from Kerala on January 30, 2020.As of 10 May 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare have confirmed a total of 62,939 cases and 2,109 deaths in the country3.The living and working conditions of billions of people worldwide have been significantly disrupted due to different forms of social distancing and lockdowns in many cities. The most common symptoms at illness onset are fever (99%), fatigue (70%), dry cough (60%), myalgia (44%) and dyspnoea4,5. Less common symptoms are headache, dizziness, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting6. Symptoms such as pharyngeal pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, abdominal pain and anorexia are more likely to be present in patients with severe illnesses5. In addition, patients who are elderly, have underlying co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease are more likely to have adverse outcomes.References
NA ZHU, DINGYU ZHANG, WENLING WANG, XINGWANG LI, BO YANG, JINGDONG SONG, XIANG ZHAO, BAOYING HUANG, WEIFENG SHI, ROUJIAN LU, PEIHUANIU, FAXIAN ZHAN, XUEJUN MA, DAYAN WANG, WENBO XU, GUIZHEN WU, GEORGE F. GAO, WENJIE TAN, ET AL. A NOVEL CORONAVIRUS FROM PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA IN CHINA, 2019, N ENGL J MED. 2020 JAN 24.
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-RELATED CORONAVIRUS: THE SPECIES AND ITS VIRUSES- A STATEMENT OF THE CORONAVIRUS STUDY GROUP. ALEXANDER E. GORBALENYA, SUSAN C. BAKER, RALPH S. BARIC, RAOUL J. DE GROOT, CHRISTIAN DROSTEN, ANASTASIA A. GULYAEVA, BART L. HAAGMANS, CHRIS LAUBER, ANDREY M LEONTOVICH, BENJAMIN W. NEUMAN, DMITRY PENZAR, STANLEY PERLMAN, LEO L.M. POON, DMITRY SAMBORSKIY, IGOR A. SIDOROV, ISABEL SOLA, JOHN ZIEBUHR. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-RELATED CORONAVIRUS: THE SPECIES AND ITS VIRUSES – A STATEMENT OF THE CORONAVIRUS STUDY GROUP. BIORXIV 2020.02.07.937862; DOI: HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862
MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. COVID-19 INDIA UPDATE. AVAILABLE FROM: HTTPS://WWW.MOHFW.GOV.IN/, ACCESSED ON MAY 10, 2020.
WANG D, HU B, HU C, ZHU F, LIU X, ZHANG J, ET AL. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 138 HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS-INFECTED PNEUMONIA IN WUHAN, CHINA. JAMA 2020. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.1585.
CHEN N, ZHOU M, DONG X, QU J, GONG F, HAN Y, ET AL. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 99 CASES OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS PNEUMONIA IN WUHAN, CHINA: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. LANCET 2020; 395 : 507-13.
HUANG C, WANG Y, LI X, REN L, ZHAO J, HU Y, ET AL. CLINICAL FEATURES OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS IN WUHAN, CHINA. LANCET 2020; 395 : 497-506.
WORLD HEALTHORGANIZATION. LABORATORY TESTING FOR 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV) IN SUSPECTED HUMAN CASES: INTERIM GUIDANCE. GENEVA: WHO; 2020.
GUPTA N, POTDAR V, PRAHARAJ I,GIRI S, SAPKAL G, YADAV P, CHOUDHARY ML, DAR L, SUGUNAN AP, KAUR H, MUNIVENKATAPPA A, SHASTRI J, KAVERI K, DUTTA S, MALHOTRA B, JAIN A, NAGAMANI K, SHANTALA GB, RAUT S, VEGAD MM, SHARMA A, CHOUDHARY A, BRIJWAL M, BALAKRISHNAN A, MANJUNATHA J, PATHAK M, SRINIVASAN S, BANU H, SHARMA H, JAIN P, SUNITA P, AMBICA R, FAGERIA B, PATEL D, RAJBONGSHI G, VIJAY N, NARAYAN J, AGGARWAL N, NAGAR A, GANGAKHEDKAR RR, ABRAHAM P.LABORATORY PREPAREDNESS FOR SARS-COV-2 TESTING IN INDIA: HARNESSING A NETWORK OF VIRUS RESEARCH & DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES.INDIAN J MED RES. 2020 FEB & MAR;151(2 & 3):216-225. DOI: 10.4103/IJMR.IJMR_594_20.
WANG Q, PEIRIS M, POON LLM. 2020. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF A NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV) CAUSING AN OUTBREAK OF PNEUMONIA. CLINCHEM 31.
CORMAN VM, LANDT O, KAISER M, MOLENKAMP R, MEIJER A, CHU DKW, BLEICKER T, BRUNINK S, SCHNEIDER J, SCHMIDT ML, MULDERS D, HAAGMANS BL, VAN DER VEER B, VAN DEN BRINK S, WIJSMAN L, GODERSKI G, ROMETTE JL, ELLIS J, ZAMBON M, PEIRIS M, GOOSSENS H, REUSKEN C, KOOPMANS MPG, DROSTEN C. 2020. DETECTION OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV) BY REAL-TIME RT-PCR. EURO SURVEILL 25(3).10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045.
GUIDANCE ON REGULATIONS FOR THE TRANSPORT OF INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES 2019–2020. GENEVA: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; 2019. (HTTPS://WWW.WHO.INT/IHR/PUBLICATIONS/WHO-WHE-CPI-2019.20/EN/).
ICMR-NIV. 2020. SPECIMEN COLLECTION, PACKAGING AND TRANSPORT GUIDELINES FOR 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV).
Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2020
ISSN:- 2348-0459 Available online at www.gjms.edwin.co.in
PAN Y, ZHANG D, YANG P, POON LLM, WANG Q. 2020. VIRAL LOAD OF SARS-COV-2 IN CLINICAL SAMPLES. LANCET INFECT DIS 24:30113-4.
ZOU L, RUAN F, HUANG M, LIANG L, HUANG H, HONG Z, YU J, KANG M, SONG Y, XIA J, GUO Q, SONG T, HE J, YEN HL, PEIRIS M, WU J. 2020. SARS-COV-2 VIRAL LOAD IN UPPER RESPIRATORY SPECIMENS OF INFECTED PATIENTS. N ENGL J MED 19.
TO KK, TSANG OT, LEUNG WS, TAM AR, WU TC, LUNG DC, YIP CC, CAI JP, CHAN JM, CHIK TS, LAU DP, CHOI CY, CHEN LL, CHAN WM, CHAN KH, IP JD, NG AC, POON RW, LUO CT, CHENG VC, CHAN JF, HUNG IF, CHEN Z, CHEN H, YUEN KY. 2020. TEMPORAL PROFILES OF VIRAL LOAD IN POSTERIOR OROPHARYNGEAL SALIVA SAMPLES AND SERUM ANTIBODY RESPONSES DURING INFECTION BY SARS-COV-2: AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY. LANCET INFECT DIS 23:30196-1.)
WHO. LABORATORY TESTING FOR CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) IN SUSPECTED HUMAN CASES. INTERIM GUIDANCE. 2 MARCH 2020.
VANGUILDER, H. D.; VRANA, K. E.; FREEMAN, W. M. TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF QUANTITATIVE PCR FOR GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS. BIOTECHNIQUES2008, 44 (5), 619−626.
HOLSHUE ML, DEBOLT C, LINDQUIST S, LOFY KH, WIESMAN J, BRUCE H, SPITTERS C, ERICSON K, WILKERSON S, TURAL A, DIAZ G, COHN A, FOX L, PATEL A, GERBER SI, KIM L, TONG S, LU X, LINDSTROM S, PALLANSCH MA, WELDON WC, BIGGS HM, UYEKI TM, PILLAI SK. 2020. FIRST CASEOF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS IN THE UNITED STATES. N ENGL J MED 382:929-936.
CHAN CM, TSE H, WONG SS, WOO PC, LAU SK, CHEN L, ZHENG BJ, HUANG JD, YUEN KY. 2009. EXAMINATION OF SEROPREVALENCE OF CORONAVIRUS HKU1 INFECTION WITH S PROTEIN-BASEDELISA AND NEUTRALIZATION ASSAY AGAINST VIRAL SPIKE PSEUDOTYPED VIRUS. J CLINVIROL 45:54-60. DOI:10.1016/J.JCV.2009.02.011. EPUB 2009 APR 1.
CHAN-YEUNG M, XU RH. 2003. SARS: EPIDEMIOLOGY. RESPIROLOGY 8:S9-14. DOI: 10.1046/J.1440-1843.2003.00518.X.
LIU Y, EGGO RM, KUCHARSKI AJ. 2020. SECONDARY ATTACK RATE AND SUPERSPREADING EVENTS FOR SARS-COV-2. LANCET 27:30462-1.
GUO L, REN L, YANG S, XIAO M, CHANG, YANG F, DELA CRUZ CS, WANG Y, WU C, XIAO Y, ZHANG L, HAN L, DANG S, XU Y, YANG Q, XU S, ZHU H, XU Y, JIN Q, SHARMA L, WANG L, WANG J. 2020.PROFILING EARLY HUMORAL RESPONSE TO DIAGNOSE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19). CLIN INFECT DIS 21.
LI Z, YI Y, LUO X, XIONG N, LIU Y, LI S, SUN R, WANG Y, HU B, CHEN W, ZHANG Y, WANG J, HUANG B, LIN Y, YANG J, CAI W, WANG X, CHENG J, CHEN Z, SUN K, PAN W, ZHAN Z, CHEN L, YEF. 2020. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A RAPID IGM-IGG COMBINED ANTIBODY TEST FOR SARS-COV-2 INFECTION DIAGNOSIS. J MED VIROL 27:25727.
WOLFEL R, CORMAN VM, GUGGEMOS W, SEILMAIER M, ZANGE S, MÜLLER MA, NIEMEYER D, JONES TC, VOLLMAR P, ROTHE C, HOELSCHER M, BLEICKER T, BRUNINK S, SCHNEIDER J, EHMANN R, ZWIRGLMAIER K, DROSTEN C, WENDTNER C. 2020. VIROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH COVID-2019. NATURE 579.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Notice
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Copyrights for articles published in World Scholars journals are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
