FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER AND ITS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN POPULATION IN KANPUR CITY
Keywords:
Dental fluorosis, World Health Organization [W.H.O] Skeletal fluorosis, Low Hemoglobin Levels, Contamination of Groundwater.Abstract
Ground water is the chief source of freshwater on earth. In India, around 20 to 25% of the population is fluoride affected, especially in rural areas, but in the city there are adverse effects of fluoride in the human beings. Drinking water with an excessive amount of fluoride causes fluorosis disease. It badly affects people of all age groups, especially children and old citizens. According to an estimation, fluoride beyond the desirable amount [0.5 to 1.5 mg/lit.] in ground water is a serious problem in many parts of India, but in the Kanpur region of Uttar Pradesh, people are badly affected by fluoride’s effects. Fluoride is the electronegative element and it belongs to the halogen group of minerals. Fluoride enters our body through water, food, drugs, cosmetics material etc. World health organization [W.H.O.] recommends that the ideal range of fluoride contents in drinking water should be 1.0 to 1.5 ppm. Fluoride concentrations beyond the standard limits causes dental and skeletal fluorosis. Toxicity of fluoride also causes some non-skeletal diseases like pain in the joints, muscle weakness, fatigue, anemia with low hemoglobin levels, etc in human beings. Nowadays, the release of environmental pollutants through industrial and agricultural usage affects the environment badly. In the present study, it is observed that some areas in Kanpur have higher quality of fluoride in groundwater. Additionally it is also concluded and analyzed that the content of fluoride in groundwater is higher in comparison to the standards as prescribed by the W.H.O.This paper also presents a review, which focuses on the sources of fluoride in groundwater, its impacts on health and different control measures.References
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